donate

https://gofund.me/930919b8

List of Prime Numbers

Here is a link to some lists of prime numbers. 

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/11WN0xLTXgDSibFDjJiEts5pHKy4_kpAT?usp=sharing

1) Primes_to_100Million.zip

2) primes_to_1B_file.zip

3) prime_5B_file.zip

4) prime_between_5B_and_6B.zip

5) prime_above_1T

MAGNETIC WOBBLER FROM PERMANENT MAGNETS AND ELECTRIC MOTOR

MAGNETIC WOBBLER FROM PERMANENT MAGNETS AND ELECTRIC MOTOR

     I built a device from some pieces of wood and craft sticks with glue, a needle for the axle, a bead (from the craft store) as a bearing, a Phillips head screw for the bottom bearing, some button cell batteries, electrical tape, some mounting putty, a tiny electric motor from a toy quadcopter, a small switch and some neodymium magnets. It is shown below running at 1/3 slow motion:

     In general or for simplification, when the north pole of the magnet spins around to the outer point of the armature it moves the armature north a little. Likewise when its south end spins around to the outer point of the armature it moves the armature south a little. This makes the armature wobble side to side.

STATORLESS MOTOR MAGNETIC PROPULSION WITH AND WITHOUT AXLES

ELECTRIC MOTOR MAGNETIC FIELD PROPULSION WITH AND WITHOUT AXLES

This is a summary and explanation of some of what I have learned or now believe.

1) Pendulum- An aluminum pan floating in water with an electromagnet and a balance weight along the axis of magnetism when turned on will cause the aluminum pan to rotate. The electromagnet will attempt to align with Earth's north/south magnetic poles as it is a compass. Since the torque of this compass is not at the center of mass of the aluminum pan with a balance weight there are two competing centers of rotation. One is the center of magnetic torque and the other is the center of mass. Due to having two points of competing rotation the actual rotation will occur at a third point which is importantly not the center of mass.

As the the polarity of the electromagnet is reversed the aluminum pan floating in water, electromagnet and balance weight can be made to swing side to side as a pendulum. Since the center of rotation is not the center of mass the centrifugal force of this pendulum will pull the aluminum pan through the water in a straight line. It generates magnetic field propulsion.

2) Rotating in a circle -the next step is to time the reversal in polarity such that the aluminum pan rotates in complete circles just like a motor.

3) Out of phase extra electromagnet- While the aluminum pan is able to rotate like a motor it does not move its position. When we add an additional electromagnet that is turned on out of polarity phase with the first electromagnet during one half of the rotational cycle perhaps while pointing from the Earth's south magnetic pole turning towards the Earth's north magnetic pole it will become a sort of continuous pendulum and move the aluminum pan in a line. It generates magnetic field propulsion.

4) Out of phase extra permanent magnet - now instead of using a second electromagnet that is out of phase one half of the rotation cycle a permanent magnet is put in its place. One half the cycle of rotation it is in phase and the other half of the cycle it is out of phase with the electromagnet that makes the aluminum pan floating in water spin like a motor.

5) Statorless motor - an electromagnet is mounted on an axle with delicate bearings through which the electricity flows. Just like the electromagnet in the aluminum pan it spins in a circle as it is an actual motor that would be described as a DC permanent magnet motor without a permanent magnet except that the Earth is its permanent magnet.It does not generate magnetic field propulsion.

6) Statorless motor plus permanent magnet - a permanent magnet is added to the end of one pole of the electromagnet to imitate the situation described in 3) out of phase extra electromagnet and 4) out of phase extra permanent magnet and it does generate magnetic field propulsion but only given that the axle is not solidly fixed in place but is mounted in an aluminum pan floating in water where it can rotate around a constantly changing center of rotation by moving the whole aluminum pan a little bit as it spins. it generates magnetic field propulsion and drives the aluminum pan in a straight line but does not spin the aluminum pan. It is not as powerful as 3) and 4) where the whole aluminum pan spins.

6A) Considering magnetic torque from the permanent magnet on one end of the armature of statorless motor - The torque as the permanent magnet twists in relation to Earth's magnetic field resists the momentum of the spinning statorless motor on only one side and thus (it is believed) produces magnetic field propulsion besides that produced as mentioned in (6) above. This is because there is only one point where the force can apply and that is at the axle. When the rate of the statorless motor's rotation is increased there is more momentum to act against. Also the force of the permanent magnet's torque may be increased due to Lenz' effect between the moving magnet and the Earth's magnet. 

7) Normal motor and permanent magnet - a motor of what ever specification spins a magnet and balance weight. The magnet is out of phase half of the rotation cycle and generates magnetic field propulsion but is even less powerful in terms of magnetic field propulsion than the statorless motor plus permanent magnet described in 6).

7A) Considering (6A) a normal motor and permanent magnet would produce the most amount of magnetic field propulsion.

7B) Actual experimental results - There is indication that the axle of a magnet spinning against a counter weight on the other side of the motor's axle moves the axle towards north or south depending on the positioning of the magnets north pole on the outside of the radius or at the center or axle. With the magnet's north pole on the outside the axle seems to bend towards the south of Earth. The problem is this doesn't seem to translate into movement in a small boat aluminum pan floating in water. On the other hand when the whole boat rotates by the magnet (either electromagnet or permanent magnet) articulating so that the boat swings side to side like a pendulum from the compass action/force the movement of the boat is quite pronounced (see 1).

Magnets Behavior in Earth's Magnetic Field Some Surprises

I observed something that puzzled me.

I set up 10 neodymium magnets in a stack laid on a 5 inch Styrofoam disc floating in water.
This is simply a very large compass. As you would expect it pointed north/south to align with Earth's magnetic field.

Next I placed a normal compass on a wooden table and held a single magnet closer and closer to it until the compass pointed 45 degrees away from Earth's north. It was about 8 inches away.

Next I held the same magnet a little farther than 8 inches from the large compass I had made floating in water. As I moved it a little closer the large compass started to turn and then proceeded to attract to the magnet in a very direct way.

Why the difference? The difference I am referring to is that the large compass should move north from the attraction of the Earth's magnet but doesn't while it moves towards the single magnet with considerable enthusiasm.

My first guess was that the large compass floating in the water did not move north normally from just the Earth's magnetic field because it was attracted downward towards the Earth's magnet. This was wrong.

What I learned after making some inquiries was that while magnetic torque (what turns the compass needle to point north) is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field the force of magnetic attraction is not but rather proportional to the gradient of the magnetic field. Since the Earth is so much larger than my large compass the gradient (or slope) of the magnetic field is flat and the attraction is nearly zero.

This is relevant to my subject of magnetic field traction in Earth's magnetic field of course. As I already had observed you couldn't get a magnet to directly move a little boat from Earth's magnetic field but now I know why. But more importantly this means you could have one of my rotating or pendulum type magnetic devices in Low Earth Orbit and it would not exert a force or acceleration downward towards the Earth constantly. That is a very good thing.

(There are still other considerations. For example the effects of Lenz' Law which would slow down the magnet in orbit as it crossed Earth's magnetic field lines.)

Here are two experiments that I did related to this (be sure to turn the sound on and read the descriptions):

TESTING KNOWING THERE ARE MAGNETIC HOTSPOTS

Now that I have been a bit enlightened about the magnetic hot spots under the floor I have a strategy to continue testing the permanent magnet devices in spite of them.

Once I have identified a hot spot, whether it is a nail under the floor or a beam or some source of magnetism, I will try to start over it and see if I can maneuver away from it. Or I will start somewhere a little away from it if the attraction to the hot spot is too strong to maneuver away from and see how long I can avoid the model being drawn into the hot spot.

Identifying a hot spot isn't all that difficult. First of all the device works too well to be true but keeps going in the same direction. Granted that can be difficult since some of the devices can only go in one direction. Next use the magnetometer. In my latest informal experiment the magnetometer read over 10 uT higher on the Z axis over the hot spot. It is difficult to simply scan a whole area for a hot spot but it is possible with patience also.

A device with permanent magnets that are used to swing against a weight in the water tank in an aluminum pan should be able to go in any direction. I needed to identify which side of the device rotates with more mass. If the center of rotation is shorter on one side that is usually the side with the greater mass and where the most centrifugal force will be as it swings side to side like a pendulum.

So below is a 4 minute video of two trials. In the first 2 minutes of the video the model can be seen to drift without being maneuvered right into the hot spot from a standstill to a speed of 4 inches per minute approximately. This of course is a false positive result.

In the second 2 minutes of the video the water tank is in the exact same location with the hot spot in the same place as well. The model is starting from a standstill and then maneuvered in a pendulum motion and can be seen to not move into the hot spot. This shows that the maneuvering model has achieved a bit of thrust. Of course there are other factors that would remain to be ruled out for example slip stick effect.

Originally I tried to start in the hot spot and maneuver out of it but the model didn't have enough power to do so, hence I settled for simply staying away from the hot spot. The hot spot is in the north east part of the water tank or the lower left part of the screen. The model consists of a servo that controls the rotation of the stacks of neodymium magnets. It is actually an IR remote control toy robot with the magnets taped to some craft sticks to its top. When the north end of the stacks of magnets points east the aluminum pan rotates counterclockwise and vise a versa. The weight at the other end of the 10 inch aluminum pan is clay that is a blue color.

Please observe:

Measurements with cellphone Magnetometer and scale and observations of large compass floating in water

Measurements with cellphone Magnetometer and digital kitchen food scale and observations of large compass floating in water

      I got a few cellphone Magnetometer apps to make some rough measurements.

      The units of measure of magnetism are microTesla or uT. One uT equals 0.01 Gauss.
At my location in the state of NY the Earth's field is 52 uT. However this is the entire force referred to as F and its vector mostly points into the ground at about a 66 degree angle. So the actual force pointing north is 19 uT or what is referred to as the X measurement.

      Before I go into farther detail let me give my results. The results were that the Earth's magnetic field was powerful enough to push or pull a magnet by attraction or repulsion with enough force to make a little boat travel in a water tank.

      Why this is not immediately obvious is because the magnet must be oriented in such a direction that it does not turn freely like a compass and align with Earth's magnetic poles at which position it will have no push or pull.

      Let me use the Levitron toy as an example of this. The top on the classic version of the Levitron weighs 60 grams approximately. Because due to the gyroscope effect of the top spinning it is able to push away from the magnet in the base with enough force against gravity to hover over 1 inch high. But if it is not spinning than it will simply line up with the north and south poles of the magnet in the base and sit on its side with no evident sign of propulsion against gravity.

      I took one N42 0.5 inch diameter by 0.25 inch length neodymium magnet and measured from various distances in uT on the Magnetometer. At 12 inches it measured approximately 2 uT. At 3 inches it measured 225 uT.

      Next I set up a scale with a similar magnet on it and held the N42 over it to see when it would repel at 1 gram approximately. That distance was 3 inches approximately.

      Next I set up an aluminum pan filled with water with a Styrofoam disc floating in it. I placed a stack of 14 of the N42 magnets along a diameter of the Styrofoam disc in effect creating a giant compass. This pointed north. I measured a rough estimate of when the Styrofoam disc would move as I moved an N42 magnet towards it from various points around it.

      The Styrofoam disc floating in the water with the 14 N42 magnets on it rotated a little and then either moved towards the magnet I held or away from it very visibly from distances over 12 inches.

      So for starters we can conclude that a magnetic force of only 2 uT is enough to move the magnetic boat through the water.

      Next we can conclude that Earth's magnetic force since it is 10 times that amount of course can move a properly designed boat.

      I won't say how fast or slowly but will state that it will apply a force that causes continuous acceleration taking into account other factors such as friction in the water and nearby magnetic or ferrous objects.

      Now since we have observed that 225 uT presses 1 gram force to the magnet on the scale we need to somehow extrapolate what that gram force is at 19 uT. (Earth's magnetism at my location)

      I am just going to take a guess that the relationship between microTesla and gram force is directly proportional. So since 19/225 is approximately 0.1 or a little less that is the amount of gram force the Earth's magnet (magnetic field) is pushing against the Styrofoam magnetic boat which is constructed with 14 stacked N42 0.5 inch diameter by 0.25 inch neodymium magnets.